Stalin's regime was arguably the most repressive in modern history. Stalin led the country through World War II and into the Cold War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. World Encyclopedia. At the same time, events such as the suppression of democratic uprisings in Hungary and Poland in 1956 hurt the Soviet Union’s international stature. This resulted in a break throughout the global Marxist–Leninist movement. In the late 1980s nationalism was rising throughout the Soviet republics, which reawakened ethnic tensions throughout the Union thereby discrediting the idea of a unified Soviet people. There was no equivalent of this under Stalinism" (Kershaw and Lewin, 1997, p. 8). Tucker, Robert C. (1990). These two documents were made true by the 1st Congress of Soviets of the USSR and signed by heads of delegations. After the formation of a provisional government, workers councils, known as soviets, began to sprout up throughout the country to protect the rights of the working class. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a country that existed in Earth's 20th century, stretching across Europe and Asia. Kotkin, Stephen. Leninist National Policy: Solution to the "National Question"? Not all the republics demanded independence, however, the three Baltic republics of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia were in the vanguard of the independence movement, and separatist sentiments also grew in Georgia. A distinction can be drawn between the dismantling or transformation of the Soviet system, and the disintegration of the USSR. By 1991 revolution had swept through Eastern Europe bringing down several Communist governments. The origins of Leninist and Stalinist terror can thus be traced to this intransigent ideological orthodoxy. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics [Союз Радянських Соціялістичних Республік; Soiuz Radianskykh Sotsialistychnykh Respublik, or USSR]. (1971). The Soviet Union (short for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or USSR) [11] was a single-party Marxist–Leninist state. D. L. Hoffmann. 2nd ed. According to official statistics, the Cheka killed 12,733 prisoners between 1918 and 1920; unofficial calculations suggest a figure closer to 300,000. The nail in tsarism's coffin came during World War I. Russia's largely unsuccessful efforts to conduct the war against Germany and Austria added significantly to internal discontent. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or the Soviet Union, was the world’s first Communist state, existing from 1922 to 1991. From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик. During this time, the Soviet leadership experimented with economic reform and several individuals contended for power. Encyclopedia.com. Renamed the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in 1952, the party ruled every aspect of Soviet life. By June 1918 as the civil war got under way, reports of Cheka "excesses" began to reach Moscow. From its beginning years, government in the Soviet Union was ruled as a one-party state by the Communist Party (Bolsheviks). Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). . 16 Oct. 2020
. After the Bolsheviks seized power, their many opponents rallied to contest the Marxist vision of Russia's future. The decree remained in force until November 1938. The spiral of terror and counterterror was growing. After he died, Georgy Malenkov, continued his policies. The Soviet Union was created by the treaty between soviet socialist republics of Belarus, Russian Federation, Transcaucasian Federation and Ukraine, which became union republics of the Soviet Union. The most prominent leader was Leon Trotsky (1879–1940), a Bolshevik revolutionary and a founding member of the Politburo. . In the interim period between the meetings of the Congresses of Soviets, ruling power would be held by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Armageddon Averted: The Soviet Collapse 1970–2000. In the cities conditions were equally difficult for the urban poor, and the war caused even more drastic shortages of basic necessities like food and fuel. ." The Soviet Union rebuilt its economy during the immediate postwar period and continued to maintain strict centralized control over state and society. By ruthlessly eliminating threats to his leadership, Stalin came to control the state as well as the party by 1928. Since 2013, the document that confirmed the dissolution of the Soviet Union has been missing.[12]. Russian political culture lacked liberal or democratic roots and institutions, and for many centuries the state had dominated society, often using repressive methods carried out by a prototype secret police force. Encyclopedia.com. A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia. This program included the nationalization of all industries, the abolition of all private enterprise, and a policy of shooting workers who went on strike. They were deeply contemptuous of dissenting views and, more than any other Russian political movement, were prepared to countenance class-based violence in a society that was itself highly prone to violent confrontation. The 1936 Constitution differed markedly from its predecessor. Retrieved October 16, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/union-soviet-socialist-republics. Moreover, the doctrine of democratic centralism that governed relations within the Communist Party (and in Brezhnev's time was made a principle of the organization of the entire Soviet state) made a mockery of the federal principle. DECLINE The Gulag Archipelago, 1918–1956. It was announced after Vladimir Lenin overthrew Alexander Kerensky as Russian leader. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. In practice, the degree to which the nationals of the various Soviet republics ran their republics, and the extent to which they were given some latitude to introduce local variation, changed over time. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. It was established in 1922 and dissolved in 1991. The Soviet Union's longest river was the Irtysh. Moreover, improved relations with the West infuriated Soviet hardliners. Even though the Communists were not going down without a fight, a unionwide referendum saw approximately 78 percent of voters approve the retention of the Soviet Union in an altered form. He had no choice but to accept the treaty and resigned on Christmas Day 1991. "State Violence as Technique: The Logic of Violence in Soviet Totalitarianism." The USSR launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1 in 1957; a living dog named Laika in 1957; the first human being, Yuri Gagarin in 1961; the first woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova in 1963; Alexei Leonov, the first person to walk in space in 1965; the first soft landing on the Moon by spacecraft Luna 9 in 1966; and the first Moon rovers, Lunokhod 1 and Lunokhod 2. . Thus, one of the most interesting conclusions of new research is that, contrary to conventional wisdom about the elite status of the Great Terror's victims, in strictly numerical terms the bulk of those repressed were ordinary noncommunist citizens, kulaks, workers, and various "social marginals": recidivist criminals, the homeless, the unemployed, all those suspected of deviating from the social norms of the emerging Stalinist system. Why did the vicious assault on ethnic minorities escalate in late 1937 and continue well into 1938? Those countries were not made part of the Soviet Union, but they were controlled by the Soviet Union indirectly. What motivated them? The premier oversaw the Council of Ministers—the other component of the executive branch—and was usually, but not always, the General Secretary of the Communist Party as well. The various ministries of government were called the People’s Commissariats but were later renamed the Council of Ministers. Known by the abbreviation USSR, as well as the shortened name "Soviet Union", the country was dissolved in the 1990s, but existed in some form by the later half of the 24th century. The Soviet Union (short for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or USSR) was a single-party Marxist–Leninist state. What impact did the dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics have? Gorbachev invented the idea of keeping the Soviet Union together with each republic being more independent but under the same leader. 3 volumes. A new constitution went into effect in 1977. Its members were representatives from local councils (soviets), made up of workers and peasants but fully controlled by the Communist Party, as the Bolshevik organization renamed itself. Known as the Great Fatherland War, the 1939–45 conflict was especially hard on the Soviet people, which lost nearly an eighth of its population, or twenty million people, from civilian and military casualties combined. Leninist and Stalinist crimes against humanity are not easily elucidated.
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